Verbals are delivered from the verbs and remain many of the characteristics of verbs. Verbal words are used in both oral and written communication.
Three Verb Form of Verbals
participle,
gerunds,
infinitives
A. Participle verbal is a verb form that acts as an adjectives, and participles function as adjectives.
Four kinds of Participles
1. Present
participles end in -ing and describe a present condition. Present participles
are verbal’s
(Their root words are verb) that acts as adjectives (modify nouns and pronouns) and end in -ing.
*
The most beguiling people come out before election. (The word beguiling
comes from the verb beguile.)
2. Past
participles may end in -ed, d, -t, n, or -en, or may have a different spelling
in case of irregular verb.
Past participles of irregular verb include: swum drunk gone
sung,
etc.
*
He complained to the waiter that he
was given a bent fork. (bent- verb
bend, bent modifies the noun)
3. Perfect participles- prefixing having to the past participle. Having sung having called having driven having seen
* Having finished his homework, Lance called his teacher.
The following are regular verbs and illustrate how the verbals
change form when in present, past and perfect participles.
|
Present Participle |
Past Participle |
Perfect participle |
|
Acting |
acted |
having acted |
|
Adjusting |
adjusted |
having adjusted |
|
Altering |
altered |
having altered |
|
Amusing |
amused |
having amused |
|
Announcing |
announced |
having announced |
|
Approaching |
approached |
Having
approached |
|
Banding |
banded |
having banded |
|
Baring |
bared |
having bared |
|
Bartering |
bartered |
having bartered |
|
Besieging |
besieged |
Having besieged |
|
Boiling |
boiled |
having boiled |
|
Calculating |
calculated |
having calculated |
|
Chewing |
chewed |
having chewed |
|
Claiming |
claimed |
having claimed |
|
Daring |
dared |
having dared |
|
Defining |
defined |
having defined |
|
Dissolving |
dissolved |
having
dissolved |
|
Estimating |
estimated |
having
estimated |
|
Fasting |
fasted |
having fasted |
|
Feigning |
feigned |
having feigned |
|
Grading |
graded |
having graded |
|
Glowing |
glowed |
having glowed |
|
Greasing |
greased |
having greased |
|
Hallucinating |
hallucinated |
having
hallucinated |
Irregular Verb
|
Present Participle |
Past Participle |
Perfect Participle |
|
Arising |
arisen |
having arisen |
|
Awaking |
awaked |
having awaked |
|
|
Awoke |
having awoke |
|
Being (am) |
been |
having been |
|
Bearing (to carry) |
borne |
having borne |
|
Bearing (to give birth to) |
born |
having born |
|
Beating |
beaten |
having beaten |
|
Becoming |
become |
having become |
|
Beginning |
begun |
having begun |
|
Bending |
bent |
Having bent |
|
Bidding |
bid |
having bid |
|
Binding |
bound |
having bound |
|
Bleeding |
blend |
having blend |
|
Blowing |
blown |
having blown |
|
Breaking |
broken |
having broken |
|
Breeding |
bred |
having bred |
|
Bringing |
brought |
having brought |
|
Broadcasting |
broadcast |
having broadcast |
|
|
Broadcasted |
Having
broadcasted |
|
Building |
built |
having built |
|
Bursting |
burst |
having burst |
|
Buying |
bought |
having bought |
|
Catching |
caught |
having caught |
|
Choosing |
chosen |
having chosen |
|
Coming |
come |
having come |
|
Cutting |
cut |
having cut |
|
Doing |
done |
having done |
|
Drawing |
drawn |
having drawn |
|
|
|
|
|
Drinking |
drunk |
having drunk |
|
Driving |
driven |
having driven |
|
Eating |
eaten |
having eaten |
|
Falling |
fallen |
having fallen |
|
Fleeing |
fled |
having fled |
|
Flowing |
flowed |
having flowed |
|
Flying |
flown |
having flown |
|
Forbidding |
forbidden |
having
forbidden |
|
Forgetting |
forgotten, forgot |
forgotten,
forgot |
|
Forgiving |
forgiven |
having forgiven |
|
Forsaking |
forsaken |
Having forsaken |
|
Freezing |
frozen |
having frozen |
|
Getting |
got, gotten |
having got,
gotten |
|
Giving |
given |
having given |
|
Going |
gone |
having gone |
|
Grinding |
ground |
having ground |
|
Growing |
grown |
having grown |
|
Hanging (a picture) |
hung |
having hung |
|
Having |
had |
having had |
|
Hearing |
heard |
having heard |
|
Hiding |
hidden |
having hidden |
|
Hitting |
hit |
having hit |
|
Holding |
held |
Having held |
|
Hurting |
hurt |
having hurt |
|
Keeping |
kept |
Having kept |
|
Knowing |
known |
having known |
|
Laying |
laid |
having laid |
|
Leading |
led |
having led |
|
Leaving |
left |
having left |
|
Lending |
lent |
having lent |
|
Letting |
let |
having let |
|
Lying (recline) |
lain |
having lain |
|
Losing |
lost |
having lost |
|
Making |
made |
having made |
|
Meaning |
meant |
having meant |
|
Meeting |
met |
having met |
|
Paying |
paid |
Having paid |
|
Proving |
proved |
having proved |
|
|
Proven |
having proven |
|
Putting |
put |
having put |
|
Quitting |
quit |
having quit |
|
Reading |
read |
Having read |
|
Riding |
ridden |
having ridden |
|
Ringing |
rung |
having rung |
|
Rising |
risen |
having risen |
|
Running |
run |
having run |
|
Saying |
said |
having said |
|
Seeing |
seen |
having seen |
|
Seeking |
sought |
having sought |
|
Selling |
sold |
having sold |
|
Sending |
sent |
having sent |
|
Setting |
set |
having set |
|
Shaking |
shaken |
having shaken |
|
Shinning (light) |
shone |
having shone |
|
Shooting |
shot |
Having shot |
|
Showing |
shown |
having shown |
|
|
Showed |
having showed |
|
Shrinking |
shrunk |
having shrunk |
|
Shutting |
shut |
having shut |
|
Singing |
sung |
having sung |
|
Sinking |
sunk |
having sunk |
|
|
Sunken |
having sunken |
|
Sitting |
sat |
having
sat |
|
Sleeping |
slept |
having slept |
|
Sliding |
slid |
having
slid |
|
Slinging |
slung |
having slung |
|
Speaking |
spoken |
having spoken |
|
Speeding |
sped |
having sped |
|
Spinning |
spun |
having spun |
|
Splitting |
split |
Having
split |
|
Spreading |
spread |
having spread |
|
Springing |
sprung |
having sprung |
|
Standing |
stood |
having stood |
|
Stealing |
stolen |
having stolen |
|
Stinging |
stung |
having stung |
|
Striking |
struck |
having struck |
|
Striving |
striven |
having striven |
|
Swearing |
sworn |
having sworn |
|
Swimming |
swum |
having swum |
|
Swinging |
swung |
having swung |
|
Taking |
taken |
having taken |
|
Teaching |
taught |
having taught |
|
Tearing |
torn |
having
torn |
|
Telling |
told |
having told |
|
Thinking |
thought |
having thought |
|
|
|
|
|
Throwing |
thrown |
having thrown |
|
Trying |
tried |
having tried |
|
Understanding |
understood |
having
understood |
|
Wearing |
worn |
having worn |
|
Weaving |
woven |
having woven |
|
Weeping |
wept |
having wept |
|
Winning |
won |
having won |
|
Winding |
wound |
having wound |
|
Withdrawing |
withdrawn |
having withdrawn |
|
Wringing |
wrung |
having wrung |
4. Dangling participle another common mistake in English. Participle dangles if there is no word in the sentence which it could properly modify, or when it seems to be related to a word which does not convey the meaning intended.
* Working harder, my supervisor gave me a nod of approval. (Dangling participle)
The phrase working
harder modifies the word supervisor. If what you mean by the sentence is
"I worked harder that is why the supervisor gave me a nod of
approval," then the sentence does not properly show this intended message.
The sentence will be misinterpreted as;
"The supervisor is working harder and giving me the nod of
approval."
It is not clear that it is not the supervisor who is
working harder. The sentence must be revised:
*
After I worked harder, the
supervisor gave me a nod of approval. (No dangling participle)
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