Showing posts with label Clauses. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Clauses. Show all posts

Clause চেনার সহজ উপায়: Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause

CLAUSES: THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS

Principal Clause and Co-ordinate Clause 

নিচের বাক্যটি লক্ষ কর:

The teacher came and they stood up. (শিক্ষক এলেন এবং তারা উঠে দাঁড়াল ।) 

এ Sentence-এ দুটি অংশ The teacher came এবং they stood up.

প্রথম অংশে Subject (teacher) ও Verb (came) আছে এবং দ্বিতীয় অংশেও Subject (they) ও Verb (stood) আছে। দুটি অংশই মনের ভাব সম্পূর্ণরূপে প্রকাশ করে এবং প্রত্যেকটি অংশই একটি Sentence-এর অংশ। প্রথম অংশ The teacher came একটি Clause, দ্বিতীয় অংশ they stood up-ও একটি Clause.

আরও একটি বাক্য লক্ষ কর :

He came to me and she stood there. 
এ বাক্যটিতে দুটি Clause: He came to me এবং she stood there. 

এ বাক্যের দ্বিতীয় Clause and she stood there বাদ দিলেও ভুল হয় না এবং প্রথম Clause- He came to me স্বাধীনভাবে তার বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করে । 
আবার প্রথম Clause বাক্য হতে বাদ দিলেও দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি she stood there স্বাধীনভাবে তার বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করে । 

আবার প্রথম Clause— he came to me এবং দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি she stood there কোনোটাই অন্যটির ওপর নির্ভরশীল নয়, প্রত্যেকটি প্রধান ও স্বাধীন । and দ্বারা দুটি স্বাধীন Clause-কে যুক্ত করা হয়েছে মাত্র। 

অতএব, বলা যায় যে প্রথম Clause– He came to me এবং দ্বিতীয় Clause– she stood there উভয়ই Principal Clause. তবে দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি প্রথম Clause-এর সহ-কার্য করে (co ordinate). এরূপ সহ-কার্যকারী Clause-কে Co-ordinate clause বলা হয়

অনেক স্থলে Co-ordinate Clause-এ Subject বা Verb ঊহ্য থাকতে পারে । যেমন— I went there and met him. (subject ঊহ্য)

Virtue leads to heaven and vice to hell. (verb leads ঊহ্য)


Subordinate Clause 

আর একটা বাক্যে Clause লক্ষ্য কর : He says that he is ill.

এ বাক্যে দুটি Clause— He says that he is ill. এখানে He says বলতে যতটা মনের ভাব প্রকাশ পায় that he is ill বলায় মনের ভাব ততটা প্রকাশ পায় না। আবার প্রথম Clause (he says) -এর says verb-টির object হলো দ্বিতীয় Clause (that he is ill) অর্থাৎ দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি একটি Parts of Speech (noun) রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

সৃতরাং He says হলো Principal Clause এবং that he is ill হলো Subordinate ( নির্ভরশীল) Clause এরূপ Sentence-এ প্রধান অর্থজ্ঞাপক Clause-কে (যা একটি মাত্র Parts of Speech-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হয়) বলে Subordinate Clause. Principal Clause-এর সাথে Co-ordinate Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত Clause-কে Co-ordinate Clause বলে । 

মনে রাখ —

Complex Sentence: Principal Clause ও Subordinate Clause যুক্ত Sentence-কে বলা হয় Complex Sentence.

Compound Sentence: Principal Clause ও Co-ordinate Clause যুক্ত Sentence কে Compound Sentence বলা হয়।


Clause প্রধানত তিন প্রকার। 
যথা: Principal Clause, Subordinate Clause এবং Co-ordinate Clause. Subordinate 


Clause-এর প্রকারভেদ :
Subordinate Clause-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য হলো তারা সর্বদা একটি Parts of Speech রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয় সে কারণে তাদের প্রকারভেদ হয়। 

Subordinate Clause তিন প্রকার। 
যথা:
(a) Noun Clause 
(b) Adjective Clause এবং 
(c) Adverb Clause.



নিচের বাক্যে Clause গুলো লক্ষ কর:

NOUN CLAUSE

I know that the earth is round. 
They said that Kamal was honest. 
What he said is right. 

প্রথম Sentence-এ দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি (that the earth is round) প্রথম Clause-এ (know) Verb-এর Object হয়েছে।
সুতরাং দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি Noun-এর মতো ব্যবহার হয়েছে বলে তা Noun Clause. 

দ্বিতীয় Sentence-এর দ্বিতীয় Clause (that Kamal was honest) টিও প্রথম Clause-এর (said) Verb-এর Object রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। সুতরাং that Kamal was honest এই Clause-টি এখানে Noun-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে বলে তা Noun Clause.

তৃতীয় Sentence-এ What he said এ Clause-টি is Verb-এর Subject রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। অর্থৎ এটা Noun-এর মতো কাজ করেছে। সুতরাং what he said হলো Noun Clause এরূপ যে Sub-ordinate Clause কোনো বাক্যে Noun-এর মতো কাজ করে তাকে বলা হয় Noun Clause

Principal Clause ও Noun Clause-কে তিন প্রকার connective (সংযোজক শব্দ) যুক্ত করতে পারে। 
যেমন—

(a) Connection that

(b) Antecedent না থাকলে Relative Pronoun বা Interrogative Pronoun who 

(c) Interrogative Adverb বা Relative Adverb why, how it, where ইত্যাদি।

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

নিচের বাক্যে Clause-গুলোর ব্যবহার লক্ষ কর:

I know the boy who is wounded. 
He lost a book which was new.

প্রথম Sentence-এ দুটি Clause আছে- I know the boy এবং who is wounded অর্থের দিক দিয়ে I know the boy প্রধান ও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সুতরাং I know the boy হলো Principal Clause. 

দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি who is wounded (যে আহত) boy (Noun)-কে qualify করেছে অর্থাৎ who is wounded এখানে Adjective-এর মতো কাজ করছে। সুতরাং who is wounded হলো Adjective Clause. 

দ্বিতীয় Sentence-এ দুটি Clause আছে - He lost a book এবং which was new.

He lost a book হলো Principal Clause.

দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি which was new (যা নতুন ছিল) book (Noun)-কে qualify করেছে। অর্থাৎ এটা Adjective-এর মতো কাজ করছে। অতএব, which was new একটি Adjective Clause এরূপ যে Clause কোনো বাক্যে Adjective-এর মতো কাজ করে তাকে বলা হয় Adjective Clause.

ADVERB CLAUSE

নিচের বাক্যে Clause গুলো তাদের কাজ লক্ষ কর :

His father died when he was here. 
As I was ill I could not come.

উপরের Sentence দুটির মধ্যে প্রথম Sentence-এ দুটি Clause- His father died ও when he was here. প্রথম Clause-টি অর্থ ও গুরুত্ব অনুসারে প্রধান। সুতরাং (His father died) Principal Clause.

দ্বিতীয় Clause-টি when he was here. প্রথম Clause-এর Verb (died) কে modify করে এটা Adverb-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। সুতরাং when he was here হলো Adverb Clause. 

দ্বিতীয় Sentence-এ (As I was ill I could not come) I could not come Clause-টি অর্থ ও গুরুত্ব অনুসারে প্রধান । সুতরাং I could not come হলো Principal Clause এবং As I was ill Clause-টি Principal Clause-এর Verb (come)- কে modify করে Adverb-এর মতো কাজ করে।

সুতরাং As I was ill হলো Adverb Clause.

দেখ, দ্বিতীয় Sentence (As I was ill I could not come)-এর প্রথমে Adverb Clause বসেছে এবং প্রথম Sentence (His father died when he was here) - Adverb Clause বসাতে পারে। এতে বাক্যদ্বয়ে কোনো ভুল হয়নি। সুতরাং বলা যায় যে, Principal Clause Adverb Clause-এর মধ্যে যে কোনোটি প্রথমে বসতে পারে।


Connective Adverb Clause বিভিন্ন Word দ্বারা Principal Clause-এর সাথে যুক্ত হতে পারে। নিচে এগুলো লক্ষ কর :

(i) সময়জ্ঞাপক Adverb Clause — when, while, after, till, until, since প্রভৃতি দ্বারা Principal Clause এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়।

(ii) স্থানজ্ঞাপক Adverb Clause — where, whence, wherever প্রভৃতি দ্বারা Principal Clause-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়। 

(iii) It whether, unless প্রভৃতি শব্দ দ্বারা শর্তজ্ঞাপক Adverb Clause-কে Principal Clause-এর সাথে যুক্ত করা হয়।

(iv) কারণ বা ফলাফল জাপক Adverb Clauseas for because, since, that প্রভৃতি শব্দ দ্বারা Principal Clause-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়।

নিচের কতগুলো Sentence-এর Sub-ordinate Clause পৃথক করে তাদের কাজ নির্দেশ করা হলো :

(i) You heard the reason why I said that.

এখানে why I said that হলো Adjective Clause;
কারণ why I said that Clauseটি reason (Noun)-কে qualify করেছে। 

(ii) I went where he lives. এখানে where he lives হলো Adverb Clause; কারণ তা went (Verb)-কে modify করে।

(iii) I know the time when he will come.
এখানে know (verb)-এর object হলো time. 

Time (Noun)- qualify করেছে। সুতরাং when he will come হলো Adjective Clause. 

(iv) I know where he lives. এখানে Where he lives হলো Noun clause, কারণ তা went (verb)-কে modify করে।

(v) I saw him when he came. এখানে when he came হলো Adverb clause, কারণ তা say (verb)-কে Modify করে।

(vi) I saw him when he came. 
এখানে when he came হলো Noun clause, কারণ তা saw (verb)-এর objective.


EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE

1. Find out the clause and classify them:
(a) They know who did it.
(b) The book which I bought is lost.
(c) When he will come is uncertain.
(d) Abul is foolish but Kamal is clever.
(e) It is a sad news that he is dead. 
(f) Wait here till I return.
(g) You cannot prosper if you do not work.
(h) I know when he will come.
(i) I know the time when he will come.
(i) You know where I live.

2. Combine each pair of sentences with a suitable connective:
(a) We eat. We may live.
(b) Do not jump. You should fall. 
(c) He worked hard. We could not pass.
(d) He was late for school. The teacher took him to task.
(e) He had gone. I came.
(f) I shall lend you money. You pay me back next month.




Clauses: Principal clause and Subordinate clause

Clauses ~ A clause means a part of a sentence having a subject and a predicate of its own. 

Clauses: Adjective Clause, Adverbial Clause

Adjective Clause: 
An Adjective Clause contains :
(a) Relative pronouns- who, which, that, as
(b) Relative adverbs- when, where, how, why, as, whence.

Note : In an adjective clause, the Relative pronouns or the Relative adverbs must have an antecedent. The antecedent is a noun or pronoun qualifying the relative pronoun or relative adverb.

Example :
a. I have seen the boy who stood first in the examination.
                   Antecedent

b. I know the time when he will come.
             Antecedent

We remember that sometimes the antecedent is understood without the use of relative pronoun or relative adverb as it is in the following sentences.
a. The book (which) he bought has been lost.
b. I have forgotten the story (that) he told me.


Adverbial Clause: An adverbial clause is of different kinds. They are as
follows:

1. Adverbial clause of time. It is introduced by when, while, after,
before, till, until, since etc.

Example:
(i) Wait here until I come
(ii) He came when I was there
(iii) Many days have passed since he came here.

It is introduced by where, wherever, whence etc.
Example:
(i) Stay where you are.
(ii) Go wherever you like.

3. Adverbial clause of cause or reason. lt is introduced by because, as, since,
that etc.
Example:
i. He will not go because he is ill.
ii. As he was ill, he did not attend school.
iii. Since you are ill, you should not come.
iv. I am happy that you have passed.

4. Adverbial clause of purpose. It is introduced by that, in order that, so
that, lest etc.
Example :
i. We read that we may learn.
ii. He works hard in order that he may prosper.
iii. Walk carefully lest you should fall down.
iv. We should work more so that we can earn more.

5. Adverbial clause of result : It is introduced by that, so ..... .. that, such.... that etc.
Example:
What have I done that you do not like me?
He is so tired that he cannot walk.
He is such a fool that you cannot rely on him.

6. Adverbial clause of manner: It is formed with ‘as’,
Example:
i. Do to others as you would be done by.
ii. It happened as I expected.

7. Adverbial clause of condition or supposition : It contains if, unless, in case, on condition, whether, provided (that), supposing (that) etc.
Example:

If I succeed, I shall help you.
I shall not come unless you invite me.
I may come in case I have time.
He will come provided he gets leave.
I shall try whether I fail or succeed.

8. Adverbial clause of concession : This clause contains though, although, even, if, etc.
Example
i. Though he is rich, he is not happy.
ii. Even if I fail, I shall not give up hope.

9. Adverbial Clause of Comparison or degree : This clause is introduced by so... as, such..... as, as.... as, than, etc.

Example:
i. Rafique is not as tall as his brother.
ii. He is as wise as you.
m. Rina is taller than Mina.
iv. The sooner, the better.

Clauses: Noun Clause

We know that Haji Mohammad Mohsin was a very kind man.

A clause means a part of a sentence having a subject and a predicate of its own.

The above underlined sentence has two clauses. They are:
i. Principal clause
ii. Subordinate clause.



Thus, the sentence "We know that Hazi Mohammad Mohsin was a very
kindman,
" contains two clauses 
(i) We know, 
(ii) that Hazi Mohammad Mohsin was a very kind man. 
Of these two, the first one stands by itself, but the latter depends on the other clause.

The clause that is dependent on another clause to make a complete sense is called a Subordinate or Dependent clause.

- The Principal clause can make a complete sense by itself. It does not
have to depend on any other clause.

- A sentence having two principal clauses is called a Co-ordinate clause.


Here are some examples of isolated sentences showing the different clauses:
a. I know where he is.
b. The pen that father gave me is lost.
c. He cannot do this unless you help him.
d. What he says is unknown to me.
e. The man worked very hard and grew tired
f. This is what I say.
g. Listen to what your teachers say.
h. You cannot prosper unless you work hard.
i. When you have ?nished your lessons, you can play games.
J. The man is poor but he is honest.

(Note: Two simple sentences may be combined into a complex or compound sentence having two clauses).

Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate clauses are of three kinds:
1. Noun clause: It does the work of a noun.
2. Adjective clause: It does the work of an adjective.
3. Adverbial clause: It does the work of an adverb.

Noun Clause : A Noun Clause usually contains the conjunction ‘that’, or an intenogative pronoun or an intenogative adverb. The conjunction ‘that’ may remain expressed or understood.

Examples:
(i)  I know that he is well.
(ii) They say (that) he left home.
(iii) That he is ill is known to us.
(iv) I know what he wants.
(V) I asked him if/whether he was there.
(vi) We know why he did it.
(vii) What he says is true.
(viii) Your success depends on how you prepare yourself.
(iX) When he will come is uncertain.
(X) The news that he is dead is a rumour.


In all the sentences above, subordinate clause works as a noun.

Position of Noun Clause in a sentence :
a. A subject to a verb: That he stole the book is clear.

b. An object to a verb:  I know that she has read the book.

c. A complement to an object : I informed her what was to be informed.

Note : Two kinds of complement - Subjective Complement and Objective Complement.
Subjective Complement: The man is honest.
Objective Complement: We elected him chairman.

d. A complement to the subject: The fact is that we didn't go there.

e. In apposition: The news that he was injured is false.

f. An object to a preposition : It depends on what you really wants.
I have no knowledge of where we are going.

https://english-grammarblog.blogspot.com/2022/03/all-about-completing-sentences.html
https://english-grammarblog.blogspot.com/2020/12/rules-of-changing-voice-active-to-passive.html
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