USES OF PREPOSITION
Preposition এর ব্যবহার
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The preposition is a word which is usually used before a noun (or anything equivalent to a noun) to indicate the connection of the noun with another noun or with a verb or adjective in the sentence. অর্থাৎ
একটা preposition-এর কাজ হচ্ছে সাধারণত কোন noun (অথবা noun এর সমতুল্য
কিছু) এর আগে বসে ঐ noun-এর সঙ্গে বাক্যস্থিত অন্য আরেকটা noun-এর কিংবা একটা verb অথবা adjective-এর সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করা। নিচের বাক্যগুলোতে preposition-এর অবস্থান লক্ষ কর:
The girl sat beside Karim. (noun এর আগে)
She talked with him. (pronoun এর আগে )
They were in the classroom. (noun phrase এর আগে)
She is good at drawing. (gerund এর আগে)
Listen to what I say. (noun clause এর আগে)
Preposition এবং preposition পরবর্তী noun-কে একসঙ্গে Preposition phrase বলা হয়। নিচের বাক্যগুলিতে preposition phrase এর ব্যবহার দেখ:
Mother is in the kitchen.
The girl sat on the mat.
They fell in love with each other.
ইরেজিতে যেসব single word-কে preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয় তাদের একটা তালিকা এখানে দেওয়া হল:
aboard across along amidst around about after alongside among as above against amidst amongst astride bar behind beside beyond concerning down excepting from inside minus of opposite past barring below besides but considering during excluding in into near off | outside pending plus regarding save through to underneath by up with worth since throughout toward unlike upon within at before beneath between by despite except for including like notwithstanding on over per round than till under until via without |
এদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে বেশী ব্যবহৃত হয় of, to এবং in এই তিনটি preposition.
ইংরেজিতে শুধুমাত্র one word preposition নয়, অনেক সময় একাধিক শব্দকে একসঙ্গে combine করে একটা preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয়। একাধিক শব্দ-বিশিষ্ট preposition-কে আমরা
complex preposition বলতে পারি। এখানে কিছু
complex preposition-এর example দেওয়া হল:
according to
ahead of
along with
apart from
in favour of
in front of
up to
together with
away from
because of
by means of
due to
opposite to
owing to
thanks to
in lieu of
in spite of
instead of
on account of
as to
prior to
up until
কোন preposition এক শব্দ বিশিষ্ট হোক আর একাধিক-শব্দ-বিশিষ্ট হোক, তারপরে নিয়মমাফিক noun বা noun-এর সমতুল্য কিছু বসাতেই হবে। যেমন:
He is suffering from illness.
He could not come here owing to illness.
There is a garden behind our house.
There is a garden in front of our house.
নিচে বেশ কিছু preposition-এর ব্যবহার দেখানো হল।
I know nothing about the matter.
The picture was hanging above my head.
They were walking across the field.
I shall go there after 5 o'clock.
The girl was leaning against the wall.
This book is for you.
This letter has come from Dhaka.
They live in Dhaka.
I feel like sitting
He sat before me.
The shepherd sat down beneath the tree.
The books are on the table.
It is quarter past five.
The earth goes round the sun.
There is no difference between them.
Despite his illness, he attended the meeting
He was walking down the lane.
Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan.
He is taller than me.
I have gone through the book.
It has been raining since morning.
He went there with me.
We cannot live without food.
She finished the work within a week.
He acted according to my advice.
He could not come here because of illness.
She prospered in life by means of hard work .
In spite of his riches, he is very unhappy.
The flight was delayed owing to fog.
মনে রাখা প্রয়োজন:
1. প্রতিটি preposition-এর অর্থ আছে। সেই অর্থানুসারে সাধারণত preposition বাক্যে বা শব্দগুচ্ছে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
2. কিছু কিছু ক্ষেত্রে preposition এর ব্যবহার জটিল মনে হয়। সেক্ষেত্রে preposition অর্থানুসারে বসে না। এ অবস্থায় কিছুটা চর্চা করে মনে রাখতে হবে। নির্দিষ্ট শব্দের পরে যে নির্দিষ্ট preposition বসে তাকে appropriate preposition বলে।
3. Preposition মূলত এক ধরনের connective word; দু'টি শব্দের মধ্যে সম্পর্ক সৃষ্টি করাই preposition-এর মূল কাজ।
4. Preposition এর পরে অবশ্যই noun/pronoun বা noun/pronoun-এর মত কাজ করে এমন কোন শব্দ (word) বসে। অর্থাৎ preposition-এর object থাকে।
5. Preposition-এর পরে verb/adjective/adverb/conjunction/interjection বসে না।
6. Preposition-এর ব্যবহার সঠিকভাবে শিখতে হলে ইংরেজি পড়ার সময় যত্নসহকারে ও খুটে খুটে, অর্থাৎ carefully and critically পড়তে হবে। পরবর্তীতে বলার বা লেখার সময় ঐ শব্দের পরে ঐ নির্দিষ্ট preposition-এর প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
এখানে কয়েকটা common preposition-এর একাধিক ব্যবহার দেখানো হল।
At-এর ব্যবহার
রাত/দুপুর/তাকানো/ছোট স্থান/সময়/বয়স বোঝাতে at বসে। আবার বয়স বুঝাতে at the
age of বসে। যেমন:
I do not work at night.
Jim stared at Della.
See me at noon.
Jerry came at four.
Water freezes at 0°.
He plucked at his beard.
He had not arrived at that patent fact yet.
At 10, Sabiha started her journey.drenal
I could swim at the age of five.
Of-এর ব্যবহার
এর/দিগের/দের অর্থে of বসে। যেমন:
My father was a man of great sympathy.
Life is made up of sobs and sniffles.c
He is a good friend of mine.
One leg of the chair is broken.
The table is made of wood.
It was not even worthy of the watch.
It was the golden age of thrillers.
This book is of no use.
I read stories of adventure.
Passive voice-এ by-এর পরিবর্তে of, to, with, at বসে। যেমন:
I was annoyed at (by) her stupidity.
Then men were filled with (by) fear.
Life is made up of (by) sobs and sniffles.
Her head was covered with (by) close lying curls.
Nusrat is not known to (by) me.
Jerry was shocked at (by) her departure.
Against-এর ব্যবহার
বিরুদ্ধে বা বিরোধিতা অর্থে against বসে। যেমন:
We will fight against the enemy.
He sat leaning against a wall.
A stack of kindling was neat against the wall.
They have been shoved up against a book.
I have no prejudice against poetry.
On-এর ব্যবহার
দিন/তারিখ-এর পূর্বে on বসে। যেমন:
I wanted to meet her on the following Thursday.
He died on the 10th of last month.
In-এর ব্যবহার
Season/morning/afternoon/week/month/year-in বসে। যেমন:
Prof. Kamal Ataur Rahman joined Rajendra College in May 2004.
I was there in autumn.
Bangladesh became independent in 1971.
Early in the morning, we started for Dhaka.
In the afternoon, we go out for a walk.
Past/like/but-এর ব্যবহার
Past ( অতিক্রম করে), like ( মতো), but (ব্যতীত) এগুলো preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
He watched the people walking past him.
My doctor would not let me drink anything but champagne.
A book is not like medicine; it is like a living person.
All but the little boy fled away.
It was unlike him.
The chain was like Jim.
It is like giving a young child food only suitable for an adult.
About-এর ব্যবহার
সম্বন্ধে/সম্পর্কে/চারপাশে/প্রায়/এখানে ওখানে এই সমস্ত অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে about ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
Della's hair fell about her rippling and shining.
Mina was very tactful about it.
Jim looked about the room curiously.
Rinku told me about his last journey on the sea.
Sumi was a trifle abstracted about the boy,
This is my strongest belief about reading.
She wanted to talk with Jerry about his mother.
Poly made us start reading aloud about David.
Without-এর ব্যবহার
ব্যতীত, বিনা, ছাড়া, অভাবে, মুক্ত, থেকে, অবর্তমানে এরূপ অর্থে সাধারণত without বসে।
যেমন:
I must not condemn her without knowing.
I'm me without my hair.
They were without gloves.
Tahmina took the responsibility without subterfuge.
Friendship is not without a name.
You cannot get vitamins without eating fruits.
They have long been without any power.
Out of-এর ব্যবহার
বাইরে, ছাড়া, হীন, হারা, থেকে ইত্যাদি অর্থে out of বসে। যেমন:
I had grown out of my taste for highwaymen.
We had sailed out of the icy waters into another sea.
I should be out of the mountains by nightfall.
It is out of the question for me to see her now.
I walked out of the restaurant.
I laughed till I nearly fell out of bed.
To-এর ব্যবহার
তে, প্রতি, দিক, পর্যন্ত অর্থে to ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন :
Della let her hair fall to its full length.
Della hugged them to her bosem.
They sailed away to the south.
The dog lay close to him.
It is rude to the book.
I wondered what the bill would come to.
Della attended to her cheeks with a powder rag.
They are grateful to the teachers.
Off/Away-এর ব্যবহার
ব্যবধান, অপসারণ, দূরে, বিছিন্নতা অর্থে off/away ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন :
Della cut off her hair.
She wriggled off the table.
The old sailor went away leaving the guest alone.
The institution is cut off from the village below.
They put off the idea of the book.
By-এর ব্যবহার
পাশে, দ্বারা, দিয়া, অর্থে by ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
We must judge a thing by its merit.
Jerry sat by the fire with the writer.
She died by an accident/poison.
He killed the snake by/with a stick.
The dog was fed by Jerry.
Della stood by the window.
For-এর ব্যবহার
জন্য, কারণ, বিনিময়, বেড়ানো, কেনা ইত্যাদি অর্থে for ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
Della got the chain for 21 dollars.
I looked at him for the first time.
Sumon left for Dhaka,
They went out for a walk.
I will eat nothing for dinner tonight.
We read for pleasure.
She was ransacking the stores for Jim's present.
You need not look for it.
Della sold her hair for 20 dollars.
Between/Among-এর ব্যবহার
দু'য়ের মধ্যে বুঝাতে between, অনেকের মধ্যে বুঝাতে among বসে। যেমন:
There was a pier-glass between the windows.
Between you and me, he is not fit for the post.
Deal out the sweets among the children.
Into-এর ব্যবহার
প্রবেশ/গতি/ভিতরে ঢোকা/পরিবর্তন অর্থে বসে। যেমন:
The bird fell from his neck into the sea.
Jim stepped into the room.
The old man fell into a deep sleep.
I saw deep into the clear well of his eyes.
He jumped into the well.
I saw him going over the hill into the laurel.
They got into the way of this kind of thing.
In-এর ব্যবহার
ভিতরে/স্থিরতা/বিষয়/সীমানা অর্থে in বসে। যেমন:
Their journey on/in the sea was not happy.
I would put my hand in my pocket.
The immortal gods took a hand in the matter.
She lived in a cabin.
Around/Round
চারদিকে/চারপাশে অর্থে around/round ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
There was water all around them.
They hung the bird round his neck.
The earth goes round the sun.
Jim looked about/round the room curiously.
They were swimming round the ship..
On/Upon/Over-এর ব্যবহার
উপর/নির্ভর/অবস্থিত অর্থে on/upon/over বসে। যেমন:
We cannot put hands over our face.
I want to see how it looks on it.
One of the boys saw him going up over the hill.
At last, God took pity on him.
A light came over him.
Suffering came over/upon him.
Their journey on the sea was unhappy.
He had to look upon the bodies.
A new moon hung over the mountains.
We must love all things on earth.
I discoursed on the condition of the drama.
Beyond-এর ব্যবহার
ক্ষমতা, সাধ্য, সীমানার অতীত/বাইরে বুঝাতে beyond বসে। যেমন:
It was far beyond my means.
You should not spend beyond what you earn.
Across-এর ব্যবহার
আড়াআড়ি/ওপারে/ওধারে অর্থে বসে। যেমন:
She went across the state for a weekend.
Their eyes hurt with looking across the sea.
With-এর ব্যবহার
সাথে নিয়ে, সহ, দ্বারা, পক্ষে, সমর্থন অর্থে সাধারণত with বসে। যেমন:
There is something wrong with them.
I burned with questions.
He was burdened with a family.
She hurried home with 87 cents.
Her head was covered with tiny close lying curls.
We read Shakespeare's plays with a teacher.
I left the cabin key with Miss Clark.
Why are you not with her?
She contented herself with sending him skates.
My father did not interfere with my reading.
From-এর ব্যবহার
হতে, থেকে, অবধি, অপসারণ, পৃথকিকরণ, পরিহার, বঞ্চনা অর্থে from বসে। যেমন:
I was getting better from measles.
I will see the man from whom I bought it.
I expect pleasure from him.
She lives away from him.
The place was warm from his body.
Up-এর ব্যবহার
উচ্চতর স্থানে, অবস্থানে, মাত্রায়, উপরে, উর্ধ্বে, বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া, চড়া ইত্যাদি অর্থে up বসে। যেমন:
I looked up from my typewriter.
Della leaped up like a singed cat.
I watched him go in silence up the hill.
She comes up here from Manville.
I took him up the hill.
Down-এর ব্যবহার
নিচে নিয়ে নিম্নলিখিত, নিচের দিকে, দূরবর্তী অংশে, বরাবর ইত্যাদি অর্থে down বলে। যেমনঃ
Della pulled down her hair.
He walked down (along) the street.
I lay down on the sofa.
Down rippled the brown cascade.
They did not ram things down our throats. The woman thrust them down her throat.
Through-এর ব্যবহার
ভিতর/মধ্য দিয়ে/ভেদ করে/অতিক্রম করে যাওয়া/আগাগোড়া/একপাশ থেকে অন্য পাশ ইত্যাদি অর্থে through ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
They saw the shape of the sun through the sails.
They only skim through the book.
They ran through the laurel.
She was passing through Paris.
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