Adverb Clause হলো এমন শব্দগুচ্ছ যেখানে একটি subject ও একটি predicate থাকে এবং যা adverb হিসেবে বাক্যে তার কার্য সম্পন্ন করে। নিচে বাঁকা হরফে প্রদত্ত শব্দগুচ্ছগুলো লক্ষ কর:
Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
They rested when evening came.
এখানে প্রথম clause-টি 'কোথায়'-এর জবাব দেয় এবং দ্বিতীয়টি 'কখন'-এর জবাব দেয়; অর্থাৎ এরা যথাক্রমে ক্রিয়া ‘rush in' ও 'rested'-কে বিশেষিত করে কার্য সম্পন্ন হওয়ার - স্থান ও সময় নির্দেশ করে।
Adverb clause প্রধান উপবাক্যের verb, adjective ও adverb-কে বিশেষিত করতে পারে,
যেমন:
Strike the iron while it is hot.
You are taller than I thought.
He ran so quickly that he soon overtook me.
এখানে বাঁকা হরফের শব্দাবলি adverb clauses. প্রথম বাক্যে while it is hot বিশেষিত করছে verb ‘strike'-কে, ২য় বাক্যে than I thought বিশেষিত করছে adjective 'taller'- কে এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে so... that he soon overtook me বিশেষিত করছে adverb 'quickly'-কে ।
Classification: Adverb clause বিবিধ প্রকারের হয় এবং এদেরকে নিম্নরূপে শ্রেণীবদ্ধ করা যায়:
1. Adverb Clause of Time
2. Adverb Clause of Place
3. Adverb Clause of Purpose
4. Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason
5. Adverb Clause of Condition
6. Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence
7. Adverb Clause of Comparison/Degree
8. Adverb Clause of Manner
9. Adverb Clause of Contrast/Concession
10. Adverb Clause of Supposition
Adverb Clause of Time
Adverb Clause of Time কোন ঘটনা সংঘটনের সময় নির্দেশ করে। এটি বিশেষ কিছু subordinating conjunctions - when, whenever, while, after, before, since, as, till/until, so long as, as soon as, no sooner...than ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ:
When you have finished your work you may go home.
The doctor always comes whenever he is sent for.
While I am in charge of the office there will be good discipline.
He came after night had fallen.
Do it before you forget.
I have not been well since I returned from Khulna.
There was silence as the leader spoke.
They were ordered to wait till the signal was given.
The world always will be the same so long as men are
As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
No sooner had he seen us than he disappeared.
Time clause-এ সাধারণত future tense ব্যবহৃত হয় না, তবে present tense হয়।
I shall visit you when I go to Dhaka.
I'll stay till you get back.
Soon after he jumps his parachute will open.
ভবিষ্যতের ঘটনা বোঝাতে present continuous tense ও present perfect tense ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে:
While they are playing (during this time), we'll go to the beach.
As soon as I have finished, I'll give you a call.
since এর পরে সচরাচর past tense আসে এবং after/when এর পরে perfect tense
আসে:
Ten years have passed since his father died.
They've moved house twice since they got married.
I haven't sailed a boat since I left college.
After/When he had rung off, I remembered the event.
After/When you've finished with it, hang it up.
Adverb Clause of Place
Adverb Clause of Place কোন ঘটনা সংঘটনের স্থান নির্দেশ করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Subordinating conjunctions — where ও wherever দ্বারা সাধারণত এর সূচনা হয়।
উদাহরণ:
I have put it where I can find it again.
They can stay where they are.
He drove the car wherever he wanted to go.
Let him be arrested wherever he may be found.
লক্ষণীয়, where দ্বারা তিন রকম subordinate clause-ই শুরু হতে পারে।
যেমন:
I know where he has gone. (noun clause)
I know the place where he lives. (adjective clause)
You can go where he lives. (adverb clause)
এখানে ১ম বাক্যের subordinate clauseটি transitive verb-এর পরে বসে object হিসেবে কাজ করেছে বিধায় একে noun clause বলা হবে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের subordinate clause টি principal clause 'place' noun-টিকে modify করেছে বলে এটা একটা adjective clause এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যের subordinate clause পূর্ববর্তী verb কে modify করেছে বলে এটাকে adverb clause বলা হবে।
Adverb Clause of Purpose
Adverb Clause of Purpose কোন কাজের উদ্দেশ্য নির্দেশ করে। এটি সূচিত হয় subordinating conjunctions - so that, so, in order that ও lest দ্বারা (In order that ও lest ফরমাল স্টাইলে ব্যবহৃত হয়)। Purpose clause সাধারণত main clause-এর পরে বসে।
যেমন:
I will give you a map so that you can find the way.
We eat so that we may live.
The committee was formed in order that they might address the problems.
Read it very carefully lest you should miss any point.
বাক্যে purpose clause-কে phrase দ্বারা অপসারণ করা যায়। এরূপ phrase — in order to, so as to, for, to ইত্যাদি দ্বারা সূচিত করা হয়। এদের মধ্যে 'to'-infinitive এর ব্যবহার সবচেয়ে বেশি। উদাহরণ:
They locked the door to stop us from getting in. (=They locked the door so that we could not get in.)
He was giving up his job in order to stay at home. (=He was giving up his job so that he could stay at home.)
I keep the window open so as to let fresh air in. (=I keep the window open so that fresh air comes in.)
They said they did it for fun. (=They said they did it so that they could get fun.)
Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason
Adverb Clause of Cause / Reason কোন ঘটনার কারণ নির্দেশ করে। subordinating conjunctions - because, as, since, seeing that দ্বারা সূচিত হয়।
Cause/reason clause ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে main clause-এর সামনে অথবা পিছনে উভয় অবস্থানে।
যেমন:
I do it because I like it.
Because I like you, I shall help you.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
Since you are clever, you can explain this.
He was very pleased seeing that you have passed.
as/since/seeing that-এর পরিবর্তে in view of the fact that ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে:
In view of the fact that (-as/since/seeing that) you are here, you may as well give me a hand.
as/since/seeing that যদি এমন কোন বিবৃতি প্রকাশ করে যা ইতোমধ্যে বলা বা বোঝা হয়ে গেছে তবে তা if দ্বারা অপসারিত হতে পারে, যেমন:
If (= as/since/seeing that) we don't like Bill, why did you invite him?
Reported question-এর ক্ষেত্রে ঘটনার কারণ জানার জন্য ‘why’ ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে:
I asked him why he had come.
তবে এক্ষেত্রে why-clause-টি noun-এর মত কাজ করে।
Adverb Clause of Condition
Adverb Clause of Condition কোন শর্ত নির্দেশ করে, অর্থাৎ এটি এমন ঘটনার ইঙ্গিত দেয় যা কোন শর্তের উপর নির্ভর করে। এটি subordinating conjunctions — if, whether, unless, on condition that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা সূচিত হয়। এটি উপবাক্যের আগেও আসতে পারে, পরেও আসতে পারে।
If I like it, I shall buy it.
Unless you work harder, you will fail.
I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence.
Conditional clause-এর সূচনায় only if, provided, provided that, providing, providing that, so long as ইত্যাদিও ব্যবহার করা যায়।
I will come only if nothing is said to the press.
She was prepared to come, provided that she could bring her daughter.
Providing they remained at a safe distance, we would be all right.
Detergent cannot harm a fabric, so long as it has been properly dissolved.
নানা ধরনের ঘটনা প্রকাশ করতে if-যুক্ত adverb clause of condition ব্যবহৃত হয়। এবং সে অনুসারে তাদের structure-ও ভিন্ন হয়।
যেমন:
যা সচরাচর ঘটে তা বোঝাতে:
If it rains hard, this road goes under water.
She looks beautiful if she wears a saree.
If she visits me, I feel happy.
এক্ষেত্রে independent এবং dependent clause- present simple tense এ লিখতে হয়।
যা ঘটার সম্ভাবনা আছে তা বোঝাতে:
If they invite me, I shall attend the party.
I won't go to college if it rains tomorrow.
If you come here, I'll be happy.
এক্ষেত্রে if clause হয় present simple tense-এ এবং principal clause হয় future tense-এ।
যা ঘটার কোন সম্ভাবনা নাই তা বোঝাতে:
If I were well, I would go there.
If she invited me, I would attend her party.
I would help them if they asked me.
এক্ষেত্রে if-clause হয় past simple tense-এ এবং principal clause-এ would, could, might জাতীয় modal বসে।
যা ঘটতে পারত কিন্তু ঘটেনি এমন কিছু বোঝাতে;
If they had invited me, I would have gone there.
If you had taken this medicine, you might have died.
If I had been well, I would have attended the meeting.
এক্ষেত্রে if-clause হয় past perfect tense-এ এবং main clause এ would/could/might-এর পরে perfect infinitive বসে।
Conditional clause যদি present indefinite বা present perfect tense-এ থাকে, তবে main clause-টি imperative হতে পারে।
Wake me up if you're worried.
If he has finished, ask him to leave quietly.
If you are very early, don't expect them to be ready.
Conditional clause-এ ‘was'-এর পরিবর্তে কখনো কখনো 'were' ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, বিশেষত 'I'-এর পরে।
If I were as big as you, I would carry the load.
If I weren't so busy, I could do it for you.
উপদেশ দেওয়ার জন্য ‘If I were you' ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে।
If I were you, I would take the money.
I should keep out of Nilu's way if I were you.
Adverb clause of condition-condition-এ মাঝেমাঝে subordinating conjunction-টি বাদ দেওয়া যেতে পারে, যেমন:
Had (=If I had) I two wings, I would fly away.
Had I not (=If I had not) seen this with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
He would be happy, were he (-if he were) honest.
What would you answer, did I ask (=if I asked) you such a question?
মাঝেমাঝে conditional clause-এ modals (can, could, may, might, will, would should ought to ইত্যাদি) ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে main clause-এ বর্তমান ঘটনার সঙ্গে present tense, ভবিষ্যৎ ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে 'will', অসম্ভব ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে 'would' এবং সম্ভাব্য ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে 'would have' ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
If he can't come, he usually phones me.
If they must have it today, they will have to come back at five o'clock.
If I could only find the time, I'd do it gladly.
If you could have seen him, you would have laughed too.
Use of unless:
নেতিবাচক শর্ত বোঝাতে 'যদি না' অর্থে conditional clause-এ unless ব্যবহৃত হয়। Unless-এর স্থলে অনায়াসেই 'if... not' ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে, যেমন:
You will fail your exams unless you work harder.
You will fail your exams if you do not work harder.
He will not let you go unless he is forced to do so.
He will not let you go if he is not forced to do so.
Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence
Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence কোন কাজ বা অবস্থার ফলাফল বা পরিণাম নির্দেশ করে। এটি সূচিত হয় subordinating conjunction that বা so দ্বারা। that-এর ক্ষেত্রে এর পূর্বে প্রায়শ প্রধান উপবাক্যে so বা such ব্যবহৃত হয় (so... that অন্য শব্দ দ্বারা বিচ্ছিন্ন না হয়ে একসাথেও হতে পারে)।
Result/consequence clause সচরাচর main clause-এর পরে আসে।
They fought so bravely that the enemies were driven off.
He is such a good man that we all respect him.
The disease was so terrible that very few of the people survived.
The Romans built the city in such a way that their walls are still standing.
Very heavy rain fell so that the rivers were soon in flood.
Laws were quickly passed so that this abuse was checked.
It was too dark to go on, so we camped there.
It snowed hard that night, so there was ice everywhere next day.
that-কে clause থেকে বাদ দেওয়া সম্ভব।
They were so surprised they didn't try to stop him.
They got such a fright they ran away quickly.
adjective+noun-এরূপ গঠনের পূর্বে such ব্যবহৃত হয়। noun-এর পূর্বে adjective না থাকলেও such ব্যবহৃত হয়। So ব্যবহৃত হয় adjective ও adverb-এর পূর্বে। much ও many-এর সঙ্গে so ব্যবহৃত হয়, কখনোই such ব্যবহৃত হয় না।
They had such a fierce dog that no one dared approach their house.
He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.
They obeyed him with such willingness that the strike went on for over a year.
Their parrot was so sweet that everybody came to it for hearing its sounds.
The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up.
There was so much dust that we couldn't see what was happening.
So many people complained that the software was full of glitches.
লক্ষণীয় , such+a+adjective+noun এরূপ গঠন so+adjective+a+noun দ্বারা অপসারণ করা যেতে পারে। যেমন- such a good man-কে অপসারণ করা যাবে so good a man দ্বারা। এটি তখনই সম্ভব হয় যখন noun-এর পূর্বে a/an থাকে।
I was such panic that I didn't know it was him.
মাঝে মাঝে জোর দেওয়ার জন্য so-কে বাক্যের শুরুতে স্থাপন করা হয়। তখন verb-টি subject-এর আগে চলে আসে।
So terrible was the storm that all roofs were ripped off.
কাজ বা অবস্থার ফলাফল বা পরিণাম বোঝাতে and as a result, and so, বা and therefore-ও ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
He had been ill for six months, and as a result he had lost his job.
She was having great difficulty getting her car out, and so I had to move my car to let her out.
We have a growing population, and therefore we need more and more food.
Adverb Clause of Comparison
Adverb Clause of Comparison দুটি ঘটনা বা অবস্থার মধ্যে তুলনা বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Comparison clause দুই ধরনের হয়: Adverb Clause of Degree এবং Adverb Clause of Manner (Adverb Clause of Manner আলাদাভাবে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে নিচে)।
Adverb Clause of Degree সূচিত হয় subordinating conjunction — than অথবা relative adverb as দ্বারা।
যেমন:
He is older than he looks.
No one can run faster than Ruman.
He is as stupid as he is lazy. He is not so clever as you think.
Degree clause-এর verb প্রায়শ অপ্রকাশিত থাকে এবং main clause-এর সঙ্গে তুলনা করে বুঝে নিতে হয়।
Nobody knows it better than I (do).
Few are better leaders than he (is).
It will happen as sure as death (is).
He is as crazy as his father (is).
তুলনার জন্য adjective, adverb ও finite verb এবং তার সঙ্গে than ও as ব্যবহৃত হয়। তুলনার জন্য infinitive এবং gerunds-ও ব্যবহৃত হয়।
It's darker today than it was yesterday.
He doesn't pay as much tax as we do.
He spends more than he earns.
He didn't play as well as we expected.
He sings more loudly than anyone else does. the old one.
You work harder than he does/than I did at your age.
It's sometimes as cheap to buy a new one as (it is) (to) repair
It will soon be more difficult to get a visa than it is now. Or, Getting a visa will soon be more difficult than it is now.
Adverb Clause of Manner
Adverb Clause of Manner কোন কাজের প্রক্রিয়া বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এটি subordinating conjunctions - as, as if, as though, like ইত্যাদি দ্বারা সূচিত হয়। Manner clause সব সময় main clause-এর পরে আসে।
Do unto others as you would be done by.
He ran off to the house as if he was escaping.
He shook his head as though he was dazzled by his own vision.
He felt like he'd won the tournament.
You look like you've seen a ghost.
You talk just like my father does.
It is raining like the sky is falling.
কখনো কখনো কর্ম সম্পাদন প্রক্রিয়া বোঝানোর জন্য the way (that), in a way (that) বা in the way (that) ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে।
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to.
They did it in a way that I had never seen before.
We make it move in the way that we want it to.
Adverb Clause of Contrast/Concession
Adverb Clauses of Contrast দুটি ঘটনা বা অবস্থার মধ্যে বৈপরীত্যমূলক তুলনা প্রকাশ করে। এটি although, though, even though, in spite of দ্বারা সূচিত হয়। Contrast clause-টি main clause-এর আগেও আসতে পারে, পরেও আসতে পারে।
Although he was late, he did not say sorry for this.
Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in German.
I used to love listening to her, even though I could only understand about half of her words.
বৈপরীত্য বোঝাতে মাঝে মাঝে main clause-এ still, nevertheless, just the sume ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Although I was shocked, I still couldn't blame him.
Although his company is profitable, it nevertheless needs to face some serious problems.
Although she hated them, she agreed to help them just the same.
Contrast clause ও main clause-এর subject যদি অভিন্ন হয় তবে contrast clause থেকে subject ও 'be' verb বাদ দেওয়া যেতে পারে।
Although poor (Although we are poor), we still have our pride.
Though dying of cancer (Though he was dying of cancer), he painted every day.
বৈপরীতা প্রকাশ করার আরেকটি উপায় হলো noun group-এর সঙ্গে despite বা in spite of ব্যবহার করা। (খেয়াল রাখতে হবে in spite of-এর সঙ্গে of আছে, কিন্তু despite-এর সঙ্গে of নেই। তবে সেক্ষেত্রে বাক্যটি simple হয়ে যায়।)
Despite the difference in their ages, they were close friends.
In spite of poor health, my father was always cheerful.
despite ও in spite of-এর পরে '-ing' form-ও ব্যবহার করা যায়।
Despite working hard, I failed my exams.
They are against tax rises, in spite of wanting lower inflation.
despite the fact that ও in spite of the fact that ব্যবহার করা যায়, তবে এক্ষেত্রে এটি কোন clause দ্বারা অনুসৃত হবে। কথা ইংরেজিতে that বাদ দেওয়া যায়।
Despite the fact that he earns a lot, he does not spend much.
They ignored this order in spite of the fact that they would probably get into trouble.
He insisted on playing, in spite of the fact he had a bad cold.
Adverb Clause of Supposition
Adverb Clause of Supposition সূচিত হয় subordinating conjunctions — even if, even though, no matter, however, whatever দ্বারা। as-ও ব্যবহৃত হয়, তবে কেবল adjective+as+be এই গঠনের সঙ্গে।
উদাহরণ:
I would not do it even if you paid me.
Even though you don't like him, you can still be polite.
No matter what you do, don't touch this switch.
However rich people are, they always seem anxious to make more money.
However carefully you drive, you will probably have an accident eventually.
Whatever you do, don't tell him that I told you this.
Patient as he was (though he was patient), he had no intention of waiting for three hours.
কাল্পনিক অবস্থা বোঝাতে supposition clause-এ may + infinitive এবং should + infinitive ব্যবহৃত হয়।
However frightened you may be yourself, you must remain outwardly calm.
Even if he should find out, he won't do anything about it.
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🗣 Writer:
This Article is compiled by Zubayer Islam
Zubayer Islam is a brilliant student of Intermediate (Science) and he is a Grammar Maniac.
