When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same. Use the word so or too.
To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction and followed by a simple statement using so or too.
The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
- When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.
◻️ affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too
◻️ so + verb (be) + subject
e.g. I am happy. You are happy
– I am happy and you are too
– I am happy and so are you
- When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc. occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
◻️ Affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
◻️ so + auxiliary only + subject
e.g. They will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in the lab tomorrow.
– They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
– They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
- When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
◻️ Affirmative statement + and + subject + do, does, or did + too
◻️ (single verb except be) so + do, does, or did + subject
e.g. Jane goes to that school. My sister goes to school
– Jane goes to school and my sister does too
– Jane goes to school and so does my sister
Negative Agreement
Either and Neither function in simple statements much like so and too in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
◻️ Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either
◻️ neither + positive auxiliary + subject
e.g. I didn’t see Mary this morning.
John didn’t see Mary this morning.
– I didn’t see Mary this morning and John didn’t either
– I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither did John
She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t seen the movie yet.
– she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either
– she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have .
Negation
To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or did and place in word not after that.
e.g.
John is rich
John is not rich
Mark has seen Bill
Mark has not seen Bill
The following examples contain no auxiliary and thus use do, does, or did.
e.g.
Marvin likes spinach
Marvin does not like spinach
They went to class
They did not go to class
Some/any
If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence, one should add the particle any before the noun.
Some affirmative sentences
Any negative sentences and question
e.g. John has some money
John doesn’t have any money
Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.
Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect to have two negatives together. This is called a double negative and is not acceptable in standard English. The following words have a negative meaning and, thus, must be used with a positive verb.
e.g.
She scarcely remembers the accident.(she almost doesn’t remember the accident)
We seldom see phone of these animals.(we almost never see photos of these animals)
Commands
A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be preceded by please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the verb.
Close the door
Leave the room
Please turn off the light.
Open your book
Negative commands: A negative command is formed by adding the word don’t before the verb.
Don’t close the door
Please don’t turn off the light
Indirect commands:
Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or say are used to indicate an indirect command. They are followed by the infinitive (to + verb).
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite
Negative Indirect commands:
To make an indirect command negative, add the particle not before the infinitive.
Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher told Christopher not to open the window
Please tell Jeime not to leave the room.
- Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
- They will leave at noon, and I will too.
- He has an early appointment, and so do I.
- She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.
- Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
- The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.
- We don’t plan to attend the concert, and neither do they.
- I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.
- They won’t have to work on weekends, and we won’t either.
- That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither are her supervisors.
