Showing posts with label Deduction āĻŦা Modal. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Deduction āĻŦা Modal. Show all posts

Deduction or Modal

Deduction āĻŦা Modal āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে? āĻ•āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ“ āĻ•ি āĻ•ি? 

āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻ–āύ Modal verb āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ–াāύে deduction āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āĻ•োāύ āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰে āωāĻĒāύীāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻŦোāĻা⧟।

Modal verbs are used where some deduction is needed for a situation. Here deduction means drawing a conclusion about a situation based on the available information.

Types of Modal:

There are three types of modal verbs based on their usage:

  • Modal Verbs for Surety
  • Modal Verbs for Expectation
  • Modal Verbs for Probability

All three types are discussed below.

Modal Verbs for Surety:

1. Surety about the Present:

āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ•োāύ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻ—āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ, āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে “must” āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻĒāύি āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āϝে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং “can’t” āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻĒāύি āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āϝে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύা।

If you make any decision about the present, you have to use “must” when you are sure something is true and have to use “can’t” when you are sure that something is not possible.

Example:

āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĒāύি āĻāĻ•āϜāύ Postman-āĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–েāύ uniform āĻĒāϰে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦা⧜িāϤে āϚিāĻ ি āĻŦিāϞি āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে, āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ:

 - He must be a postman.

āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­াāĻŦে āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ,

 - He can’t be ‍a policeman.

2. Surety about the Past:

āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĻেāĻ–েāύ āϝা āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•ি āϘāϟেāĻ›ে āϤা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰে āωāĻĒāύীāϤ āĻ•āϰে, āφāĻĒāύি “must have”, “must not have” āĻ“ “couldn’t have” āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে verb-āĻāϰ past participle āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ।

Can’t have-āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāϟা couldn’t have-āĻāϰ āϤুāϞāύা⧟ āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞিāϤ।

If you see such thing at Present which can lead you to draw a certain conclusion about what happened in the Past, you will use “must have”, “must not have” and “couldn’t have” plus the verb’s past participle form.

Can’t have can also be used but it is much less common than couldn’t have.

Example:

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻāχ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤে āωāĻĒāύীāϤ āĻšāύ āϝে āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϘāϟেāĻ›িāϞ, āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ-

Must have+ verb-āĻāϰ past participle

- Rima is looking so tired. She must have worked very hard at the office.

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻāχ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤে āωāĻĒāύীāϤ āĻšāύ āϝে āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϘāϟেāύি, āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ-

Must not have + verb-āĻāϰ past participle

 - Namira is absent in the class. She must not have arrived Dhaka yet.

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻšāύ āϝে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ, āφāĻĒāύি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ-

Couldn’t have+ verb-āĻāϰ past participle

 - Anika couldn’t have damaged the printer. She was absent in the office yesterday.

Must have āĻāĻŦং couldn’t have-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āύিāϚেāϰ āωāĻĻাāϰāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻা āϝাāĻŦে:

  • I can’t see him at the meeting. He must not have arrived on time.

(āφāĻĒāύি āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻ•āϰে āύিāϚ্āĻ›েāύ āϝে āϏে āĻ িāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿে āφāϏেāύি)

  • His flight was delayed for two hours, so he couldn’t have arrived on time.

(āφāĻĒāύি āϜাāύেāύ āϝে āϤাāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻ িāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿে āφāϏা āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ›িāϞ)

3. Surety about the Future:

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ•োāύ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύেāύ, āĻāϟা āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟা āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύী āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏাāĻŽিāϞ। āφāĻĒāύি āϜাāύেāύ āϝে, āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে “will” or “going to” āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āφāĻĒāύি āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āϝা āϘāϟāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻ•āϰেāύ āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে। āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĒāύাāϰ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύীāϰ āĻļুāĻĻ্āϧāϤা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāχ āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ, āϤāĻŦে āφāĻĒāύি āϏেāχ āύিāĻļ্āϚ⧟āϤা āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে “definitely” āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ।

If you make any decision about the future, it is quite similar to making a prediction. You know that you have to use “will” or “going to” to express what you believe will happen in future. If you are pretty much sure about the correctness of your prediction, you can use the word “definitely” to denote the certainty.

Example:

  • Asim is definitely going to love this movie. The movie is full of high-octane action sequences, exactly the type he likes.
  • The students will definitely be thrilled when they will come to know that they are going for a picnic to Chittagong.

āφāĻĒāύি āφāĻĒāύাāϰ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύীāϰ āύিāĻļ্āϚ⧟āϤা āφāϰāĻ“ āύি⧟āĻŽāύিāώ্āĻ āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ is/are certain to āĻŦা is/are sure to    āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে।

You can express the certainty of your prediction more formally by using either is/are certain to or is/are sure to.

Example:

  • All types of readers are certain to like this book because it is written in an easy and descriptive language.
  • The MBA’s are sure to attend this program because it is full of opportunities for them.

Modal Verbs for Expectation:

1. Present/Future Expectation:

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϘāϟāĻŦে āφāĻļা āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āφāĻĒāύি ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āύা, āφāĻĒāύি should/shouldn’t āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ āϏেāχ āφāĻļা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে।

If you expect something to happen of which you are not 100% sure, you may use should/shouldn’t to express the expectation.

Example:

  • Your program is at 10:00 am. You should get ready now. (Present)
  • Can you please help him to write the letter? It should take few minutes only. (Future)
  • You have a cricket match You shouldn’t do party now. (Present)
  • You are preparing yourself so well. You shouldn’t be a failure. (Future) 

2. Past Expectation:

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āφāĻļা āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝে, āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϘāϟāϤ, āϤāĻŦে āφāĻĒāύি should have/ shouldn’t have+ verb-āĻāϰ past participle āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ।

If you expect something was supposed to happen in the past, you will use should have/ shouldn’t have+ verb’s past participle.

Example:

  • I sent the parcel fifteen days ago. She should have received it by now.
  • He is an experienced actor. He shouldn’t have made this mistake.

āϝেāĻšেāϤু, āφāĻĒāύি āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻŦা āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āĻĻিāϤে should/shouldn’t āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāύ, āφāĻĒāύি āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āϘāϟāύাāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻāĻŦং āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ­াāϞ/āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ/āĻ িāĻ•/āĻ­ুāϞ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤেāĻ“ should have/ shouldn’t have āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ।

As you use should/shouldn’t for advising or suggesting something, you can also use should have/ shouldn’t have to explain things of the past and to denote them as good/bad/right/wrong.

Example:

  • You should have done the course earlier because it really helped you to improve your skills.
  • You should not have gone there because it was a wrong decision.

Modal Verbs for Probability:

1. Present/Future Probability

āφāĻĒāύি may, might āĻāĻŦং could āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϝা āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻŦা āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āϘāϟাāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āφāĻ›ে।

You can use may, might and could to express things that have a probability to happen in the present and future.

Example:

  • She is in Dhanmondi now. She may come within 15 minutes. (Future)
  • She is not at the office. She might be outside. (Present)
  • Don’t eat that old food; it was kept outside the refrigerator. It could be poisonous. (Present)
  • They might go on a world tour this month. (Future)

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻŦোāĻাāϤে “might” āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰাāχ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ  āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ “may”-āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āĻŽāχ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āĻāĻŦং “could” āĻ•েāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻšাঁāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟।

Using “might” is the best to denote probability because using “may” is less common and “could” can only be used in a positive sense.

Example:

  • Many students are absent today. The Principal may not/ might not like this.
  • He may not/might not be a popular actor, but his acting is really good. 

2. Past Probability:

āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻš্āϝাঁāϏূāϚāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϚাāύ, āϤāĻŦে may have/ might have/ could have + verb-āĻāϰ past participle form āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ। āφāĻŦাāϰ, āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āύাāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϚাāύ, āϤāĻŦে may not have/might not have+ verb-āĻāϰ past participle form āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ।

If you want to express positive probability about past you can use, may have/ might have/ could have + verb’s past participle form. Again if you want to express negative probability about past you can use may not have/might not have+ verb’s past participle form.

Example:

  • She is not in Dhaka. She might have gone to her hometown. (Positive)
  • Hasan may have understood the work. Lisa was explaining it for a long time. (Positive)
  • She is absent at the meeting. She may not have arrived yet. (Negative)
  • He did not write the write the article. He might not have understood the topic well. (Negative)

āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, “could have” āĻ•েāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻŦোāĻাāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝা āφāϏāϞে āϘāϟেāύি।

You should keep in mind that “could have” is only used to denote unreal conditions of the past which actually did not happen.

Example:

  • Lira’s acting is really good. She could have won the contest if she had participated. (Positive)

āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, “couldn’t have” āĻ•েāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āϝৌāĻ•্āϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦোāĻাāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

You should also keep in mind that “couldn’t have” is only used to denote logically impossible thing in the past.

Example:

  • Aruba couldn’t have done the assignment. She was hospitalized then.
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