The Transformation of Sentences consists in changing a sentence from one form to another without any change of meaning.
A few examples are given here:
Interchange of Degrees of Comparison
Posit.- He is ferocious as a tiger.
Posit.- I would as soon die as injure you.
Comp.- I would die sooner than injure you.
Posit.- He is as intimate to me as to you.
Comp.- He is not more intimate to you than to me.
Posit.- There is no mystery so great as misery.
Comp.- Misery is greater than any other mystery.
Super.- Misery is the greatest of all mysteries. Misery is the greatest mystery of all.
Super.- He is the best boy in the class. Comp.- He is better than any other boy (all other boys) in the class.
Posit.- No other boy in the class is so good as he.
Super.- Gold is one of the most precious metals. .
Comp.- Gold is more precious than most other metals.
Posit.- Very few metals are so precious as gold.
Posit.- He is at least as competent as any other man.
Comp.- He is not less competent than any other man. No other man is more competent than he.
Super.- He is one of the most competent men.
Super.- This is one of the easiest subjects.
Comp.- This is easier than most other subjects.
Posit.- Very few subjects are so easy as this.
Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences
Excl.- If I knew this before !
Assert.- I wish I knew this before.
Excl.- O what misery is in store for me ! Assert.- Great misery is in store for me.
Excl.- How charming !
Assert.- It (the scenery or view) is very charming.
Excl. - Woe to the traitor to his country !
Assert.- Let woe befall the traitor to his country.
Excl.- Hurrah ! my friend is come.
Assert.- I rejoice that my friend is come.
Excl.- Good morning, Mr. Bose.
Assert.- I wish you good morning, Mr. Bose.
Excl.- Away with you, you rogue !
Assert.- You are a rogue, and must go away at once.
Assert.- The spectators cried out that it was a capital hit.
Excl.- Capital hit ! cried out the spectators.
Assert.- I wish I had a friend to support me.
Excl.- Had I but a friend to support me ! Or, Oh, that I had a friend to support me !
Assert.- A little learning is a very dangerous thing.
Excl.- What a dangerous thing a little learning is !
Assert.- He leads a most unhappy life. Excl.- What an unhappy life he leads !
Assert. - I am very desirous of meeting you once more.
Excl.- Oh, how much I desire to meet you once more !
Assert.- It is shameful that he does not look after his kids.
Excl.- Fie, he does not look after his old father!
Interchange of Negative and Affirmative Sentences
Neg.- None but a rogue can act thes
Affirm.- Only a rogue can act thus.
Neg.- He left no plan untried.
Afirm.- He tried all plans.
Neg.- I shall never forget you
Affirm. - I shall always remember you
Neg.- No one can deny that he is a good musician.
Affirm.- Everybody must admit that he is a good musician.
Neg.- It is not always easy in company to speak frankly.
Affirm.- It is often difficult in company to speak frankly.
Neg.- There is no rose without a thorn. Affirm.- Every rose has a thorn.
Neg.- He cannot but yield to necessity. Affirm.- He must yield to necessity.
Neg.- No sooner did he see me than he began to weep.
Affirm.- As soon as he saw me he began to weep.
Neg.- No one can escape his destiny. Affirm.- All must submit to destiny.
Neg.- The bailiff would not wait any longer.
Afirm. - The bailiff refused to wait any longer.
Neg.- This was not the last attack.
Affirm.- More (or, Other) attacks followed.
Neg.- I was not sure that he would come.
Affirm.- I was doubtful if he would come
Affirm.- He loves you.
Neg.- He is not without love for you.
Affirm.- He always minds his lessons.
Neg.- He never neglects his lessons.
Affirm.- It always pours when it rains.
Neg.- It never rains but it pours.
Affirm.- He is competent for the post.
Neg.- He is not incompetent for the post.
Affirm.- You are the only person fit for the post.
Neg.- No other person but you is fit for the post.
Affirm.- He is the best boy.
Neg.- No other boy is so good as he.
Affirm.- I come here for the last time.
Neg. - Never again shall I come here.
Affirm.- In all respects this morning was like any other.
Neg.- In no respects was this morning different from any other. Or, This morning did not differ from any other in any respect.
Affirm.- Man is mortal.
Neg.- Man is not immortal. Or, No man is immortal.
Affirm. - Everybody will admit that I am right.
Neg.- Nobody will deny that I am right.
Affirm.- It is probable that he will arrive. Neg.- It is not improbable that he will arrive.
Interchange of Interrogative and Assertive Sentences
Some questions anticipate the answers that are to be given to them.
“In such interrogatives, when the question is affirmative, a negative answer is implied; and when the question is negative, an affirmative answer is implied.”
Int. - Is he not a great fool ?
Assert.- He is a great fool.
Int.- Do you not repent of your conduct? Assert.- Surely, you repent of your conduct.
Int.- Who is so base that would be a bondman ?
Assert.- There is none so base that would be a bondman.
Int.- Why waste time ?
Assert.- It is no use wasting time, Or, It is foolish to waste time.
Int.- What is the use of this statue ?
Assert.- There is no use of this statue.
Int.- When can their glory fade ? Or, Can their glory eves fade ?
Assert.- Their glory can never fade.
Assert.- The beauties of Nature are beyond description.
Int.- Are not the beauties of Nature beyond description ?
Assert.- Fair words are of no avail in times of danger.
Int.- Of what avail are fair words in times of danger ?
Assert.- I can never forget you.
Int.- Can I ever forget you ?
Assert.- No one can do this.
Int.- Can anyone do this ?
Assert.- It does not matter if I fail.
Int.- What though I fail ?
Assert.- There is no hope for me if you do not come.
Int.- What hope for me if you do not come ?
Assert.- Nowhere in the world you will find a mountain peak higher than Everest.
Int.- Where in the world will you find a mountain peak higher than Everest ?
Assert.- There is nothing wrong with me.
Int.- Is there anything wrong with me ?
Assert.- He saw someone in the room.
Int.- Did he see anyone in the room ?
Interchange of Parts of Speech
(a) He acted prudently. They differ from each other. He replied quickly. It is not likely that he will fail. The way to live long is to keep regular habits. The journey was not expensive. He fought bravely. This costs ten rupees. Though poor, he is honest. He is strong enough to do it. (Use nouns for italicised words.)
(b) He treated me with scorn. His action was both prompt and wise. It is unfortunate that he failed. He agreed to the proposal with joy. I go there every day. There is no doubt that he is guilty. (Use adverbs for italicised words.)
(c) He gave a prompt answer. What will be the cost ? I cannot agree to your proposal. I hope you will achieve success in all your undertakings. His failure is a great disappointment to me. They had their dinner before your arrival. His dress was poor. (Use verbs for italicised words).
Answer:
(a) He acted with prudence. There is a difference between them. He gave a quick reply. There is no likelihood of his failure. The way to long life is the keeping of regular habits. The journey did not require much expense. He put up a brave fight. The cost of this was ten rupees. In spite of his poverty he is honest. He has the strength to do it.
(b) He treated me scornfully. He acted both promptly and wisely. Unfortunately he failed. He agreed to the proposal joyfully. I go there daily. Undoubtedly he is guilty.
( c) He answered promptly. How much will it cost ? I cannot agree to what you propose. I hope you will succeed in all that you undertake. That he has failed has greatly disappointed me. They had dined before you arrived. He was poorly tressed.
Simple into Complex
Simple sentences can be converted to complex ones by expanding words or phrases into subordinate clauses. A few examples are given here:
(a) Noun Clause
Simple: I know his name.
Complex: I know what his name is.
Simple: He came at 5 p.m.
Complex: lt was 5 p.m. when he came.
Simple: I desire to go.
Complex: I desire that I should go.
Simple : I am sure of passing.
Complex: I am sure that I shall pass.
Simple: His silence proves his guilt.
Complex: His silence proves that he is guilty. Or, The fact that he is silent proves his guilt.
Simple: He will certainly go.
Complex: It is certain that he will go.
Simple : The result was a fall.
Complex: The result was that there was a fall.
Simple: You may criticise my action.
Complex : You may criticise what I do.
Simple : He hoped to win the prize.
Complex : He hoped that he would win the prize.
(b) Adjective Clause
Simple: He is the last man to do it.
Complex: He is the last man that would do it.
Simple: Our present house suits us.
Complex: The house in which we live at present suits us.
Simple: He is a rich man.
Complex: He is a man who is rich.
Simple: At midday the bridging party returned to Rima.
Complex: At midday the party that had gone to make the bridge returned to Rima.
Simple: I had exactly sixty-three pounds in the bank.
Complex: Sixty-three pounds was the exact amount I had it the bank. Or, The amount I had in the bank was exactly sixty-three pounds.
Simple: I follow my father's example.
Complex. I follow the example which was set by my father.
Simple: Alexander, King of Macedon, invaded India.
Complex: Alexander who was the king of Macedon invaded India.
Simple: I have no money to spare.
Complex: I have no money that I can spare.
(c) Adverb Clause
Simple : He is too weak to walk
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple : On going there, I found him absent.
Complex : When I went there, I found him absent.
Simple : In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex. Though he is poor, he is happy.
Simple: Being tired, he refused to go.
Complex: As he was tired, he refused to go.
Simple: On seeing the lion, he ran away.
Complex: When he saw the lion, he ran away.
Simple: They pay only under compulsion.
Complex: They will never pay unless they are compelled.
Simple. Thinking always made him sleepy. Complex: He always felt sleepy whenever he thought.
Simple: Only students are allowed here.
Complex: You can be allowed here only if you are a student.
Simple: During my stay there I was quite well.
Complex: I was quite well so long as I stayed there.
Complex into Simple:
(a) Noun Clause
Complex: I know what his intention is.
Simple: I know his intention.
Complex: We believe what he says.
Simple: We believe his word (or, him).
Complex: He wants that I should go
Simple: He wants me to go
Complex: That he is honest is known to all. Simple: His honesty is known to all
Complex: I know where he was born.
Simple: I know his birth place (or, the place of his birth).
Complex: It seemed impossible that he could escape.
Simple: It seemed impossible for him to escape. Or, His escape seemed impossible.
Complex: Tell me where he lives.
Simple: Tell me his address.
Complex I admit that he is a great poet.
Simple : I admit his greatness as a poet. Or, I admit him to be a great poet.
Complex: The truth is he was absent. Simple: To tell the truth, he was absent.
(b) Adjective Clause
Complex: He was the last man who went there.
Simple: He was the last man to go there.
Complex : They soon forgot the labours they had
endured.
Simple : They soon forgot their past labours.
Complex : Only those boys who will work hard will succeed.
Simple: Only hard working boys will succeed.
Complex: He was guilty of rudeness that could not be tolerated.
Simple : He was guilty of intolerable rudeness.
(c) Adverb Clause
Complex: As soon as he went there, he got the news,
Simple: He got the news immediately after going there.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Complex: He was glad when he heard this.
Simple: He was glad to hear this.
Complex: As I am ill, I cannot go to school. Simple: I cannot go to school on account of my illness.
Complex: He left after I had come.
Simple: He left after my arrival.
Complex: Though he is ill, he will come.
Simple: In spite of his illness he will come.
Complex: You may talk as much as you like.
Simple : You may talk to your heart's content.
Complex: He will not go unless he is cumpelled.
Simple : He will go only under compulsion.
Simple to Compound
Simple: Coming home, he began to work. Compound: He came home and began to work.
Simple : In spite of his wealth he is unhappy.
Compound: He is wealthy, but (or yet) he is unhappy.
Simple: He ran away to escape arrest.
Compound: He ran away and thus escaped arrest.
Simple : He is both tall and strong.
Compound: He is not only tall but also strong.
Simple: Besides caning the boy, he also find him.
Compound: He not only caned the boy but also fined him.
Simple: You must work hard to succeed. Compound : You must work hard, or you will fail.
Simple : He could not come on account of illness.
Compound: He was ill, and so he could not come.
Compound to Complex and Simple
Compound: He was poor, but he was honest.
Complex: Though he was poor, he was honest.
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he was honest.
Compound: Go there, or you will be fined.
Complex: Unless you go there (or, If you do not go there) you will be fined.
Simple: You must go there on pain of a fine.
You must go there to escape being fined (or, to escape a fine).
Compound: Speak the truth and I shall pardon you.
Complex: If you speak the truth I shall pardon you.
Simple: In the event of your speaking the truth, I shall pardon you.
Compound: He was ill; therefore, he could not come.
Complex: He could not come because he was ill.
Simple: He could not come because of (or, on account of) his illness.
Compound: I called him, but he did not answer.
Complex: Though (or, When) I called him, he did not answer.
Simple: I called him without getting any answer. He did not answer to my call.
Compound: He not only made a promise but kept it.
Complex: He kept the promise he had made.
Simple: He kept his promise.
Compound: I did this and so offended him. Complex : I offended him because I did this. Simple : I offended him by doing this.
Compound: He must return the goods or pay the bill.
Complex: If he does not return the goods, he must pay the bill.
Simple : In case of his failure to return the goods, he must pay the bill.
Compound: He wanted to see you, and so he came home.
Complex: He came home in order that he might see you.
Simple: He came home to see you.
Complex to Compound
Complex : He is honest though he is poor. Compound: He is poor, but (or, yet) he is honest.
Complex: Unless you do it I shall fine you.
Compound: Do it, or I shall fine you.
Complex: As he was ill, he could not go.
Compound: He was ill, therefore he could not go.
Complex: The enemy fled as soon as they saw us.
Compound: The enemy saw us and fled at once.
Complex: If you do not work you will fail.
Compound: Work, or you will fail.
Complex: I have found the book I lost. Compound : I lost a book, but I have found
Complex: I am sure you are wrong.
Compound: You are wrong, and of this I am sure.
Complex: I am glad that you have come.
Compound : You have come, and I am glad of it.
Miscellaneous
(a) He came when it was dark (make the principal clause of this sentence the subordinate clause of a new sentence).
(b) He must be ill (make the sentence negative).
(c) I want a boy who can work hard (use afraid).
(d) He met me on his way to school (make the sentence complex and use a group verb for met).
(e) I have never seen him before (make the sentence affirmative and complex).
(f) Only he can do it (replace only by none).
(g) I left for home as soon as I got the letter (use the comparative degree of soon).
(h) I prefer him to anybody else (use an adverb in the comparative degree).
(i) I have not seen him for a week (replace for by since).
(j) I saw him last three weeks ago (replace ago by for).
(k) He could not but do so (use help).
(l) But for your help, he would have failed (make the sentence complex).
(m) He could not go there (use Introductory 'There').
(n) His appetite increased in proportion to the amount he got (use "the — the").
(o) He spoke so fluently that everybody was charmed (use the Awn form of fluently as the subject of the sentence)
(p) He insisted that I should go (use a gerund for go).
(q) There is no doubt that he is honest (use the noun form of est as the subject of the sentence).
(r) Chance and accidents are only aliases of ignorance (change into a negative sentence).
(s) No one is so foolish as to believe that anything happens by chance (use too).
(t) Just as the destruction was completed, Newton opened the chamber door (use no sooner — than).
(u) He won't show me his papers, he won't tell me who he is (use neither--nor).
(v) It was a relief when morning came (use the verbal form of relief)
Answers:
(a) It was dark when he came.
(b) He cannot but be ill.
(e) I want a boy who is not afraid of hard work.
(d) He came upon me when he was going to school.
(e) This is the first time that I see him.
(f) None but him can do it. (In formal situation, "None but he" can be used)
(g) No sooner did I get the letter than I left for home.
(h) I like him better than anybody else.
(i) I saw him a week since ; or It is a week since I saw him.
(j) I have not seen him for three weeks.
(k) He could not help doing so.
(l) If you had not helped him, he would have failed.
(m) There was no help for him but to go there.
(n) The more he got, the more did his appetite increase.
(o) His fluency of speech charmed everybody.
(p) He insisted on my going.
(q) His honesty beyond doubt.
(r) Chance and accidents are nothing but aliases of ignorance.
(s) Everyone is too sensible to believe that anything happens by chance.
(t) No sooner was the destruction completed than Newton opened the chamber door.
(u) He will neither show me his papers nor tell me who he is.
(v) We were relieved when morning came.
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