কিভাবে direct speech-কে indirect speech-এ পরিণত করা হয় তা নিচে বিশদভাবে বর্ণিত হল:
যখন direct speech-কে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তিত করা হয় তখন tense-এর নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করা হয়।
1. Direct speech-কে indirect speech-এ পরিণত করার সময় যদি reporting verb, present বা future tense-এ থাকে তবে reported speech-এর verb-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।
During changing direct speech into indirect speech, if the reporting verb is in the present or future tenses, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the reported speech.
Example:
- He says, “You love music.” (Direct)
- He says that you love music. (Indirect)
- He says, “You loved the music.” (Direct)
- He says that you loved the music. (Indirect)
- He will say, “You love music.” (Direct)
- He will say that you love music. (Indirect)
2. যখন reporting verb, past tense-এ থাকে তখন reported speech-এর verb past tense-এর চার প্রকারের এক বা অন্য প্রকারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
When reporting verb is in the past tense the reported speech’s verb is changed to one or the other of the four forms of past tense.
i. Present Indefinite Tense, Past Indefinite Tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Present Indefinite Tense is changed into Past Indefinite Tense.
Example:
- He said to me, “She goes to school every day.” (Direct)
- He told me that she went school every day. (Indirect)
ii. Present Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense- এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ-
Am, is বা are+ verb-এর simple form +ing –থেকে- was or were+ verb-এর simple form +ing
Present Continuous Tense is changed into Past Continuous Tense, i.e.
Am, is or are+simple form of verb+ing –to- was or were+ simple form of verb+ing
Example:
- He said to me, “She is going to school.” (Direct)
- He told me that she was going to school. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “Is she going to school?” (Direct)
- He asked me if she was going to school. (Indirect)
iii. Present Perfect tense, Past Perfect Tense- এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ-
Has বা Have+ verb-এর past participle form- থেকে - Had+ verb-এর past participle form
Present Perfect tense is changed into Past Perfect Tense, i.e.
Has or Have+ past participle form of verb-to- Had+ past participle form of verb
Example:
- He said to me, “She has gone to school.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had gone to school. (Indirect)
iv. Present Perfect Continuous tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense- এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ-
Has or Have been+ verb-এর simple form +ing– থেকে -Had been+ verb-এর simple form +ing
Present Perfect Continuous tense is transformed to Past Perfect Continuous Tense, e.
Has or Have been+ simple form of verb+ing–to-Had been+ simple form of verb+ing
Example:
- He said to me, “She has been studying for five hours.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had been studying for five hours. (Indirect)
v. Past Indefinite Tense, Past Perfect Tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়, অর্থাৎ-
Verb-এর Past form – থেকে- Had+ verb-এর past participle form
Past Indefinite Tense is changed into Past Perfect Tense, i.e.
Past form of verb -to- Had+ past participle form of verb
Example:
- He said to me, ”She did it.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had done it. (Indirect)
vi. Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense- এ পরিবর্তিত হয়, অর্থাৎ-
Was or were+ verb-এর simple form +ing – থেকে - Had been+ verb-এর simple form +ing
Past Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect Continuous Tense, i.e.
Was or were+ simple form of verb +ing –to- Had been+ simple form of verb +ing
Example:
- He said to me, “She was doing the work.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had been doing the work. (Indirect)
vii. Past Perfect Tense এবং Past Perfect Continuous Tense একই থাকে।
Past Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Continuous Tense remain the same.
Example:
- He said to me, “ She had done it.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had done it. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She had been studying for three hours.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had been studying for three hours. (Indirect)
viii. Shall এবং will “would”-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়; can “could”-এ এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং may “might”-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Shall and will are changed into “would”; can is changed into “could” and may is changed into “might”.
Example:
- He said to me, “She will go to school.” (Direct)
- He told me that she would go to school. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She can do it.” (Direct)
- He told me that she could do it. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She may come.” (Direct)
- He told me that she might come. (Indirect)
3. যখন reported speech কোন চিরন্তন সত্য, বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য বোঝায়, তখন reported speech-এর verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে যদিও reporting verb, past form-এ থাকে।
When the reported speech states some universal truth or habitual fact, the reported speech’s verb remains unchanged, even if the reporting verb is using the past form.
Example:
- He said, “Son, the sun rises in the East, not the west.” (Direct)
- Addressing me as son he said that the sun rises in the east, not the west. (Indirect)
- He said, “You love music.” (Direct)
- He said that you love music. (Indirect)
4. শব্দ যেগুলো দ্বারা কাছের সময় বা জায়গা বোঝায়, সেগুলো নিম্নের নিয়মে দূরত্ববোধক করা হয়:
The words showing nearness of time or place are changed into words showing distance in the following ways:
Reported থেকে Reporting Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
How indirect speech is changed to direct speech is broadly discussed below.
When indirect speech is changed to direct speech, the following rules of tense are followed.
1. Indirect speech-কে direct speech-এ পরিণত করার সময় যদি reporting verb, present বা future tense-এ থাকে তবে reporting speech-এর verb-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
During changing indirect speech into direct speech, if the reporting verb is in the present or future tenses, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the reporting speech.
Example:
- He says that you love cats. (Indirect)
- He says, “You love cats.” (Direct)
- He says that you loved the cat. (Indirect)
- He says, “You loved the cat.” (Direct)
- He will say that you love cats. (Indirect)
- He will say, “You love cats.” (Direct)
2. যখন reporting verb, past tense-এ থাকে তখন reporting speech-এর verb past tense-এর চার প্রকারের এক বা অন্য প্রকারে পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
i. Past Indefinite Tense, Present Indefinite Tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Past Indefinite Tense is changed into Present Indefinite Tense.
Example:
- He told me that she studied every day. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She goes studies every day.” (Direct)
ii. Past Continuous Tense, Present Continuous Tense - এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ-
Am, is বা are+ verb-এর simple form +ing –থেকে- was বা were+ verb-এর simple form +ing
Past Continuous Tense is changed into Present Continuous Tense, i.e.
was or were + simple form of verb+ing –to- Am, is or are + simple form of verb+ing
Example:
- He told me that she was studying. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She is studying.” (Direct)
- He asked me if she was studying. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “Is she studying?” (Direct)
iii. Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect tense - এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ-
Had + verb-এর past participle form- থেকে - Has বা Have + verb-এর past participle form
Past Perfect Tense is changed into Present Perfect tense, i.e.
Had+ past participle form of verb-to- Has or Have + past participle form of verb
Example:
- Hasan told me that Saira had done it. (Indirect)
- Hasan said to me, “Saira has done it.” (Direct)
iv. Present Perfect Continuous tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense- এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ-
Had been + verb-এর simple form +ing– থেকে - Has বা Have been + verb-এর simple form +ing
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Present Perfect Continuous tense, i.e.
Had been + simple form of verb+ing–to- Has or Have been + simple form of verb+ing
Example:
- He told me that she had been singing for five hours. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She has been singing for five hours.” (Direct)
v. Past Perfect Tense, Past Indefinite Tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়, অর্থাৎ-
Had+ verb-এর past participle form – থেকে- Verb-এর Past form
Past Perfect Tense is changed into Past Indefinite Tense, i.e.
Had+ past participle form of verb -to- Past form of verb
Example:
- He told me that she had sung it. (Indirect)
- He said to me, ”She sang it.” (Direct)
vi. Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense - এ পরিবর্তিত হয়, অর্থাৎ-
Had been+ verb-এর simple form +ing– থেকে - Was or were+ verb-এর simple form +ing
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Past Continuous Tense, i.e.
Had been+ simple form of verb +ing –to- Was or were+ simple form of verb +ing
Example:
- He told me that she had been singing the song. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She was singing the song.” (Direct)
vii. Past Perfect Tense এবং Past Perfect Continuous Tense একই থাকে।
Past Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Continuous Tense remain the same.
Example:
- He told me that she had sung it. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “ She had sung it.” (Direct)
- He told me that she had been singing for three hours. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She had been singing for three hours.” (Direct)
viii. “Would”, Shall/will -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়; “could”,can-এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং “might”, may-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
“Would” is changed into Shall/will; “could” is changed into can and“might” is changed into may.
Example:
- He told me that she would sing the song. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She will sing the song.” (Direct)
- He told me that she could sing the song. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She can sing the song.” (Direct)
- He told me that she might sing the song. (Indirect)
- He said to me, “She may sing the song.” (Direct)
2. যখন reported speech কোন চিরন্তন সত্য, বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য বোঝায়, তখন reporting speech-এর verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে যদিও reporting verb, past form-এ থাকে।
When the reported speech states some universal truth or habitual fact, the reporting speech’s verb remains unaffected even if the reporting verb is in past form.
Example:
- He said that the sun sets in the west. (Indirect)
- He said, “The sun sets in the west.” (Direct)
- He said that you love cats. (Indirect)
- He said, “You love cats.” (Direct)
3. দূরত্ববোধক শব্দগুলোকে নিম্নের নিয়মে কাছের সময় বা জায়গা বোঝায় এমন শব্দে পরিণত করা হয়:
